package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
  v := 42 // change me!
  fmt.Printf("v is of type %T\n", v)
}

//-----

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
  sum := 0
  for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
    sum += i
  }
  fmt.Println(sum)

  sum := 1
  for ; sum < 1000; {
    sum += sum
  }
  fmt.Println(sum)

  sum := 1
  for sum < 1000 { // same as while
    sum += sum
  }
  fmt.Println(sum)

}

//-----

package main

import ("golang.org/x/tour/tree"
		"fmt"
	   )

// Walk walks the tree t sending all values
// from the tree to the channel ch.
func Walk(t *tree.Tree, ch chan int) {
	ch <- t.Value
	if (t.Left != nil) {
		Walk(t.Left,ch)
	}
	if (t.Right != nil) {
		Walk(t.Right,ch)
	}
}

// Same determines whether the trees
// t1 and t2 contain the same values.
func Same(t1, t2 *tree.Tree) bool {
	ch1 :=make(chan int, 1000)
	ch2 :=make(chan int, 1000)
	
	go Walk(t1, ch1)
	go Walk(t2, ch2)
	
	issame := true
	for i:=0; i<10; i++ {
		if (<-ch1 != <-ch2) {
			issame = false
			break
		}
	}
	return issame
}

func main() {
	t1 := tree.New(1)
	t2 := tree.New(1)
	
	fmt.Printf("%v",Same(t1,t2))
	
}



//----




package main

import (
"fmt"
"math"
)

func pow(x, n, lim float64) float64 {
  if v := math.Pow(x, n); v < lim {
    return v
  }
  return lim
}

func main() {
  fmt.Println(
  pow(3, 2, 10),
  pow(3, 3, 20),
  )
}




//----

package main

import (
"fmt"
"runtime"
)

func main() {
  fmt.Print("Go runs on ")
  switch os := runtime.GOOS; os {
  case "darwin":
  fmt.Println("OS X.")
  case "linux":
    fmt.Println("Linux.")
  default:
  // freebsd, openbsd,
  // plan9, windows...
    fmt.Printf("%s.\n", os)
  }
}

//-----

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
  fmt.Println("counting")

  for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
    defer fmt.Println(i) // last in first out
  }

  fmt.Println("done")
}

//----

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
  var a [2]string
  a[0] = "Hello"
  a[1] = "World"
  fmt.Println(a[0], a[1])
  fmt.Println(a)

  primes := [6]int{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
  fmt.Println(primes)
}

//-----

func main() {
  a := make([]int, 5)
  printSlice("a", a)

  b := make([]int, 0, 5)
  printSlice("b", b)

  c := b[:2]
  printSlice("c", c)

  d := c[2:5]
  printSlice("d", d)
}

//----

func main() {
  var s []int
  printSlice(s)

// append works on nil slices.
  s = append(s, 0)
  printSlice(s)

// The slice grows as needed.
  s = append(s, 1)
  printSlice(s)

// We can add more than one element at a time.
  s = append(s, 2, 3, 4)
  printSlice(s)
}

//---

func main() {
  var s []int
  printSlice(s)

// append works on nil slices.
  s = append(s, 0)
  printSlice(s)

// The slice grows as needed.
  s = append(s, 1)
  printSlice(s)

// We can add more than one element at a time.
  s = append(s, 2, 3, 4)
  printSlice(s)
}

//---

func main() {
	var s []int
	printSlice(s)

	// append works on nil slices.
	s = append(s, 0)
	printSlice(s)

	// The slice grows as needed.
	s = append(s, 1)
	printSlice(s)

	// We can add more than one element at a time.
	s = append(s, 2, 3, 4)
	printSlice(s)
}

//----
package main

import "fmt"

var pow = []int{1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128}

func main() {
	for i, v := range pow {
		fmt.Printf("2**%d = %d\n", i, v)
	}
}

//----
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	pow := make([]int, 10)
	for i := range pow {
		pow[i] = 1 << uint(i) // == 2**i
	}
	for _, value := range pow {
		fmt.Printf("%d\n", value)
	}
}


//----

package main

import "golang.org/x/tour/pic"

func Pic(dx, dy int) [][]uint8 {
	var pic [][] uint8 = make([][] uint8,dx);
	
	for i:=0;i<dx;i++{
		pic [i] = make ([] uint8,dy)
		for j:=0;j<dy;j++{
			pic[i][j]=uint8(i*j)
		}
	}
	return pic
}

func main() {
	pic.Show(Pic)
}

//----

package main

import (
	"golang.org/x/tour/wc"
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

func WordCount(s string) map[string]int {
	var m map[string]int=make(map[string]int)
	for _,v := range strings.Fields(s) {
		m[v]=m[v]+1
	}
	return m 
}

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("%d",WordCount("hello hello world")["hello"])
	wc.Test(WordCount)
}

//----

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func compute(fn func(float64, float64) float64) float64 {
	return fn(3, 4)
}

func main() {
	hypot := func(x, y float64) float64 {
		return math.Sqrt(x*x + y*y)
	}
	fmt.Println(hypot(5, 12))

	fmt.Println(compute(hypot))
	fmt.Println(compute(math.Pow))
}

//---

Function Closure

A closure is a function value that references variables from outside its body.

package main

import "fmt"

func adder() func(int) int {
	sum := 0
	return func(x int) int {
		sum += x
		return sum
	}
}

func main() {
	pos, neg := adder(), adder()
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		fmt.Println(
			pos(i),
			neg(-2*i),
		)
	}
}

//-----

package main

import "fmt"

// fibonacci is a function that returns
// a function that returns an int.
func fibonacci() func() int {
	b,c := 0,1
	var t,a int
	return func() int{
		t = c+b
		a = b
		b = c
		c = t
		return a
	}
}

func main() {
	f := fibonacci()
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		fmt.Println(f())
	}
}

//----

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

type Vertex struct {
	X, Y float64
}

func (v Vertex) Abs() float64 {
	return math.Sqrt(v.X*v.X + v.Y*v.Y)
}

func AbsFunc(v Vertex) float64 {
	return math.Sqrt(v.X*v.X + v.Y*v.Y)
}

func main() {
	v := Vertex{3, 4}
	fmt.Println(v.Abs())
	fmt.Println(AbsFunc(v))

	p := &Vertex{4, 3}
	fmt.Println(p.Abs())
	fmt.Println(AbsFunc(*p))
}

//----

package main

import "fmt"

type I interface {
	M()
}

type T struct {
	S string
}

// This method means type T implements the interface I,
// but we don't need to explicitly declare that it does so.
func (t T) M() {
	fmt.Println(t.S)
}

func main() {
	var i I = T{"hello"}
	i.M()
}

//---

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

type I interface {
	M()
}

type T struct {
	S string
}

func (t *T) M() {
	fmt.Println(t.S)
}

type F float64

func (f F) M() {
	fmt.Println(f)
}

func main() {
	var i I

	i = &T{"Hello"}
	describe(i)
	i.M()

	i = F(math.Pi)
	describe(i)
	i.M()
}

func describe(i I) {
	fmt.Printf("(%v, %T)\n", i, i)
}

//---
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	var i interface{} // empty interface
	describe(i)

	i = 42
	describe(i)

	i = "hello"
	describe(i)
}

func describe(i interface{}) {
	fmt.Printf("(%v, %T)\n", i, i)
}

//---
// type switch

package main

import "fmt"

func do(i interface{}) {
	switch v := i.(type) {
	case int:
		fmt.Printf("Twice %v is %v\n", v, v*2)
	case string:
		fmt.Printf("%q is %v bytes long\n", v, len(v))
	default:
		fmt.Printf("I don't know about type %T!\n", v)
	}
}

func main() {
	do(21)
	do("hello")
	do(true)
}

//---
// format printout

package main

import "fmt"

type IPAddr [4]byte

// TODO: Add a "String() string" method to IPAddr.

func (ip IPAddr) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d",ip[0],ip[1],ip[2],ip[3])
}

func main() {
	hosts := map[string]IPAddr{
		"loopback":  {127, 0, 0, 1},
		"googleDNS": {8, 8, 8, 8},
	}
	for name, ip := range hosts {
		fmt.Printf("%v: %v\n", name, ip)
	}
}

//---
// error

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

type ErrNegativeSqrt float64 

func (e ErrNegativeSqrt) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("cannot Sqrt negative number: %f",e)
}

func Sqrt(x float64) (float64, error) {
	if x < 0.0 {
		e:=ErrNegativeSqrt(x) 
		return -1, &e
	} else {
		return math.Sqrt(x), nil
	}
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(Sqrt(2))
	fmt.Println(Sqrt(-2))
}

//----
// reader emits infinite # of "A"

package main

import "golang.org/x/tour/reader"

type MyReader struct{}

func (r MyReader) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
  b[0]='A'
  return 1, nil
}
// TODO: Add a Read([]byte) (int, error) method to MyReader.

func main() {
	reader.Validate(MyReader{})
}

//---
// a stream over another stream

package main

import (
	"io"
	"os"
	"strings"
)

type rot13Reader struct {
	r io.Reader
}

func (r rot13Reader) Read (b []byte) (int, error) {
	n,e := r.r.Read(b)
	for i:=0; i'm' {
			b[i]-=13
		} else {
			b[i]=b[i]+13
		}
	}
	return n, e
}

func main() {
	s := strings.NewReader("Lbh penpxrq gur pbqr!")
	r := rot13Reader{s}
	io.Copy(os.Stdout, &r)
}

//-----
// image
package main

import ("golang.org/x/tour/pic"
		"image"
	"image/color"
	   )


type Image struct{}

func (im Image) ColorModel() color.Model {
 return color.RGBAModel	
}

func (im Image) Bounds() image.Rectangle {
	return image.Rect(0,0,300,300)
}

func (im Image) At(x, y int) color.Color {
	return color.RGBA{uint8(x+y),uint8(x+y),255,255}
}

func main() {
	m := Image{}
	pic.ShowImage(m)
}

//---
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	ch := make(chan int, 2) // buffered channel
	ch <- 1
	ch <- 2
	fmt.Println(<-ch)
	fmt.Println(<-ch)
}

//---
// multiple channel 

package main

import "fmt"

func fibonacci(c, quit chan int) {
	x, y := 0, 1
	for {
		select {
		case c <- x:
			x, y = y, x+y
		case <-quit:
			fmt.Println("quit")
			return
		}
	}
}

func main() {
	c := make(chan int)
	quit := make(chan int)
	go func() {
		for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
			fmt.Println(<-c)
		}
		quit <- 0
	}()
	fibonacci(c, quit)
}